How to cite this paper
Liu, K., Mukhopadhyay, A., Shi, X & Hsu, J. (2018). Chemical approaches to prevent alkali-silica reaction in concrete – A review.Engineering Solid Mechanics, 6(3), 201-208.
Refrences
AASHTO (2017). T364-17 Determination of composite activation energy of aggregates due to alkali-silica reaction (chemical method), American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
Aggregates, C. Determining the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Combinations of Cementitious Materials, Lithium Nitrate Admixture and Aggregate (Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method).
ASTM (2013). C1567 Standard test method for determining the potential alkali-silica reactivity of combinations of cementitious materials and aggregate (accelerated mortar-bar method). West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International.
ASTM (2014). C1260 Standard test method for potential alkali reactivity of aggregates (mortar-bar method). West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International.
ASTM (2015). C1293 Standard test method for determination of length change of concrete due to alkali-silica reaction. West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International.
ASTM (2016). C494/C494M Standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete. West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International.
BASF. (2018 (accessed 03.14.18)). ASR inhibiting admixture. Retrieved 03.14.18, from https://assets.master-builders-olutions.basf.com/Shared%20Documents/EB%20Construction%20Chemcials%20-%20US/Admixture%20Systems/Data%20Sheets/MasterLife/basf-masterlife-asr-30-tds.pdf.
Chen, W., & Brouwers, H. J. H. (2010). Alkali binding in hydrated Portland cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research, 40(5), 716-722.
Collins, C. L., Ideker, J. H., Willis, G. S., & Kurtis, K. E. (2004). Examination of the effects of LiOH, LiCl, and LiNO3 on alkali–silica reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(8), 1403-1415.
Diamond, S. (1992). The mechanism of lithium effects on ASR. In Proc. of 9th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, 1992.
Durand, B. (2000, June). A note about alkali contribution from aggregates in concrete affected by ASR. In Proc. 11th. Int. Conf. on AAR, Québec City, Canada (Vol. 177).
Ekolu, S. O., Thomas, M. D. A., & Hooton, R. D. (2007). Dual effectiveness of lithium salt in controlling both delayed ettringite formation and ASR in concretes. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(6), 942-947.
Folliard, K. J., Thomas, M. D., Fournier, B., Kurtis, K. E., & Ideker, J. H. (2006). Interim recommendations for the use of lithium to mitigate or prevent alkali-silica reaction (ASR) (No. FHWA-HRT-06-073).
Fournier, B., Stokes, D., & Ferro, A. (2003, June). Comparative Field and Laboratory Investigations on the Use of Supplementary Cementing Materials (SCMs) and Lithium-based Admixtures to Control Expansion Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) in Concrete. In Proc. Sixth Int. CANMET/ACI Conf. on Durability of Concrete, Thessanoliki (Grece) (pp. 792-823).
Gillott, J. E., & Wang, H. (1993). Improved control of alkali-silica reaction by combined use of admixtures. Cement and concrete research, 23(4), 973-980.
Grace. (2018 (accessed 03.14.18)). "To mitigate and control alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) in concrete." Retrieved 03.14.18, from http://www.beyondconstruction.com/beyond-knowledge/assets/Grace/Concrete%20Admixtures/Alkali-Silica%20Reactivity/RASIR/Rasir-01C.pdf.
Gudmundsson, G., & Asgeirsson, H. (1983). Parameters affecting alkali expansion in Icelandic concretes. Proc. 6th ICAC, 217-221.
Hobbs, D. W. (1988). Alkali-silica reaction in concrete.
Latifee, E. R. (2016). State-of-the-Art Report on Alkali Silica Reactivity Mitigation Effectiveness Using Different Types of Fly Ashes. Journal of Materials, 2016.
Leemann, A., Bernard, L., Alahrache, S., & Winnefeld, F. (2015). ASR prevention—Effect of aluminum and lithium ions on the reaction products. Cement and Concrete Research, 76, 192-201.
Liu, K. W., & Mukhopadhyay, A. K. (2014). A kinetic-based ASR aggregate classification system. Construction and Building Materials, 68, 525-534.
Liu, K. W., & Mukhopadhyay, A. K. (2014). Alkali-Silica Reaction in a Form of Chemical Shrinkage. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2(6), 235-244.
Liu, K. W., & Mukhopadhyay, A. K. (2015). Accelerated Concrete-Cylinder Test for Alkali–Silica Reaction. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 44(3), 1229-1238.
Lumley, J. S. (1997). ASR suppression by lithium compounds. Cement and Concrete Research, 27(2), 235-244.
Marks, V. J. (1996). Characteristics of Iowa fine aggregate. Iowa Department of Transportation, Highway Division, Office of Materials.
McCoy, W. J., & Caldwell, A. G. (1951, May). New approach to inhibiting alkali-aggregate expansion. In Journal Proceedings(Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 693-706).
Mukhopadhyay, A. K., & Liu, K. W. (2014). ASR testing: a new approach to aggregate classification and mix design verification: technical report (No. FHWA/TX-14/0-6656-1). Texas. Dept. of Transportation. Research and Technology Implementation Office.
Mukhopadhyay, A., Ghanem, H., Shon, C. S., Zollinger, D., Gress, D., & Hooton, D. (2009). Mitigation of ASR in Concrete-Combined Materials Test Procedure. IPRF Report DOT/FAA-01-G-003-2, Innovative Pavement Research Foundation, Skokie, IL.
Nakajima, M., Nomachi, H., Takada, M., & Nishibayashi, S. (1992). Effect of admixtures on the expansion characteristics of concrete containing reactive aggregate. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete (Vol. 2, pp. 690-697). Published by The Concrete Society Slough.
Ohama, Y., Demura, K., & Kakegawa, M. (1989). Inhibiting alkali-aggregate reaction with chemical admixtures. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (pp. 253-258).
Ohama, Y., Demura, K., & Wada, I. (1992). Inhibiting alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete. In Proceedings of 9th International Conference on AAR in Concrete, Westminster(pp. 750-57).
Qinghan, B., Nishibayashi, S., Xuequan, W., Yoshino, A., Hong, Z., Tiecheng, W., & Mingshu, T. (1995). Preliminary study of effect of LiNO2 on expansion of mortars subjected to alkali-silica reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 25(8), 1647-1654.
Ratinov, V. B., & Rosenberg, T. I. (1989). Concrete admixtures. M.: Stroyizdat, 188.
Sakaguchi, Y. (1989). The inhibiting effect of lithium compounds on alkali-silica reaction. In 8th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, 1989 (pp. 229-234).
Saucier, K. L., & Neely, B. D. (1987). Antiwashout admixtures in underwater concrete. Concrete International, 9(5), 42-47.
Shahzad Baig, K., & Yousaf, M. (2017). Coal Fired Power Plants: Emission Problems and Controlling Techniques. J Earth Sci Clim Change, 8(404), 2.
Shon, C. S. (2008). Performance-based approach to evaluate alkali-silica reaction potential of aggregate and concrete using dilatometer method. Texas A&M University.
SiKa. (2018 (accessed 03.14.18)). "Admixture to control alkali-silica reaction in concrete." Retrieved 03.14.18, from http://usa.sika.com/en/home-page-features/product-finder/iframe_and_dropdown/control.html.
Stanton, T. E. (2008). Expansion of concrete through reaction between cement and aggregate (No. SP-249-1).
Stark, D. C. (1993). Lithium Salt Admixtures--An Alternative Method to Prevent Expansive Alkali-Silica Reactivity (No. PCA R&D Serial No. 1919).
Stark, D., Morgan, B., & Okamoto, P. (1993). Eliminating or minimizing alkali-silica reactivity (No. SHRP-C-343).
Stokes, D. B., Baxter, S., Thomas, M. D. A., & Hill, R. (2003). Test Methods for Evaluating the Efficacy of Chemical Admixtures for Controlling Expansion Due to ASR. In 7th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplastisizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete (pp. 393-408).
Swamy, R. N. (2002). Testing for alkali-silica reaction. In The Alkali-silica reaction in concrete (pp. 70-111). CRC Press.
Thomas, M. D., Fournier, B., & Folliard, K. J. (2013). Alkali-aggregate reactivity (AAR) facts book (No. FHWA-HIF-13-019). United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Pavement Technology.
Thomas, M., & Stokes, D. (1999). Use of a lithium-bearing admixture to suppress expansion in concrete due to alkali-silica reaction. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1668), 54-59.
Tremblay, C., Bérubé, M. A., Fournier, B., & Thomas, M. D. A. (2004). Performance of lithium-based products against ASR: effect of aggregate type and reactivity, and reaction mechanisms. In Proceedings of the Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology (Suppl. Papers) (pp. 247-267).
Turk, K., Kina, C., & Bagdiken, M. (2017). Use of binary and ternary cementitious blends of F-Class fly-ash and limestone powder to mitigate alkali-silica reaction risk. Construction and Building Materials, 151, 422-427.
TxDOT (2009). Test Procedure for lithium dosage determination using accelerated mortar bar testing. Texas, Texas Department of Transportation.
Vivian, H. R. (1947). The effect of alkali moment in hardened mortar. CSIRO Bulletin. Australia. 229: 47-54.
Wingard, D. W., Math, S., & Rangaraju, P. R. (2012). Evaluating ASR Mitigation Potential of Supplementary Cementing Materials and Lithium Admixture in the Presence of Potassium Acetate Deicer-Revised EB-70 Test Method (No. 12-4705).
Zapała-Sławeta, J., & Owsiak, Z. (2017, October). Influence of Exposure Conditions on the Efficacy of Lithium Nitrate in Mitigating Alkali Silica Reaction. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 245, No. 2, p. 022049). IOP Publishing.
Aggregates, C. Determining the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Combinations of Cementitious Materials, Lithium Nitrate Admixture and Aggregate (Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method).
ASTM (2013). C1567 Standard test method for determining the potential alkali-silica reactivity of combinations of cementitious materials and aggregate (accelerated mortar-bar method). West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International.
ASTM (2014). C1260 Standard test method for potential alkali reactivity of aggregates (mortar-bar method). West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International.
ASTM (2015). C1293 Standard test method for determination of length change of concrete due to alkali-silica reaction. West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International.
ASTM (2016). C494/C494M Standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete. West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International.
BASF. (2018 (accessed 03.14.18)). ASR inhibiting admixture. Retrieved 03.14.18, from https://assets.master-builders-olutions.basf.com/Shared%20Documents/EB%20Construction%20Chemcials%20-%20US/Admixture%20Systems/Data%20Sheets/MasterLife/basf-masterlife-asr-30-tds.pdf.
Chen, W., & Brouwers, H. J. H. (2010). Alkali binding in hydrated Portland cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research, 40(5), 716-722.
Collins, C. L., Ideker, J. H., Willis, G. S., & Kurtis, K. E. (2004). Examination of the effects of LiOH, LiCl, and LiNO3 on alkali–silica reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(8), 1403-1415.
Diamond, S. (1992). The mechanism of lithium effects on ASR. In Proc. of 9th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, 1992.
Durand, B. (2000, June). A note about alkali contribution from aggregates in concrete affected by ASR. In Proc. 11th. Int. Conf. on AAR, Québec City, Canada (Vol. 177).
Ekolu, S. O., Thomas, M. D. A., & Hooton, R. D. (2007). Dual effectiveness of lithium salt in controlling both delayed ettringite formation and ASR in concretes. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(6), 942-947.
Folliard, K. J., Thomas, M. D., Fournier, B., Kurtis, K. E., & Ideker, J. H. (2006). Interim recommendations for the use of lithium to mitigate or prevent alkali-silica reaction (ASR) (No. FHWA-HRT-06-073).
Fournier, B., Stokes, D., & Ferro, A. (2003, June). Comparative Field and Laboratory Investigations on the Use of Supplementary Cementing Materials (SCMs) and Lithium-based Admixtures to Control Expansion Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) in Concrete. In Proc. Sixth Int. CANMET/ACI Conf. on Durability of Concrete, Thessanoliki (Grece) (pp. 792-823).
Gillott, J. E., & Wang, H. (1993). Improved control of alkali-silica reaction by combined use of admixtures. Cement and concrete research, 23(4), 973-980.
Grace. (2018 (accessed 03.14.18)). "To mitigate and control alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) in concrete." Retrieved 03.14.18, from http://www.beyondconstruction.com/beyond-knowledge/assets/Grace/Concrete%20Admixtures/Alkali-Silica%20Reactivity/RASIR/Rasir-01C.pdf.
Gudmundsson, G., & Asgeirsson, H. (1983). Parameters affecting alkali expansion in Icelandic concretes. Proc. 6th ICAC, 217-221.
Hobbs, D. W. (1988). Alkali-silica reaction in concrete.
Latifee, E. R. (2016). State-of-the-Art Report on Alkali Silica Reactivity Mitigation Effectiveness Using Different Types of Fly Ashes. Journal of Materials, 2016.
Leemann, A., Bernard, L., Alahrache, S., & Winnefeld, F. (2015). ASR prevention—Effect of aluminum and lithium ions on the reaction products. Cement and Concrete Research, 76, 192-201.
Liu, K. W., & Mukhopadhyay, A. K. (2014). A kinetic-based ASR aggregate classification system. Construction and Building Materials, 68, 525-534.
Liu, K. W., & Mukhopadhyay, A. K. (2014). Alkali-Silica Reaction in a Form of Chemical Shrinkage. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2(6), 235-244.
Liu, K. W., & Mukhopadhyay, A. K. (2015). Accelerated Concrete-Cylinder Test for Alkali–Silica Reaction. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 44(3), 1229-1238.
Lumley, J. S. (1997). ASR suppression by lithium compounds. Cement and Concrete Research, 27(2), 235-244.
Marks, V. J. (1996). Characteristics of Iowa fine aggregate. Iowa Department of Transportation, Highway Division, Office of Materials.
McCoy, W. J., & Caldwell, A. G. (1951, May). New approach to inhibiting alkali-aggregate expansion. In Journal Proceedings(Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 693-706).
Mukhopadhyay, A. K., & Liu, K. W. (2014). ASR testing: a new approach to aggregate classification and mix design verification: technical report (No. FHWA/TX-14/0-6656-1). Texas. Dept. of Transportation. Research and Technology Implementation Office.
Mukhopadhyay, A., Ghanem, H., Shon, C. S., Zollinger, D., Gress, D., & Hooton, D. (2009). Mitigation of ASR in Concrete-Combined Materials Test Procedure. IPRF Report DOT/FAA-01-G-003-2, Innovative Pavement Research Foundation, Skokie, IL.
Nakajima, M., Nomachi, H., Takada, M., & Nishibayashi, S. (1992). Effect of admixtures on the expansion characteristics of concrete containing reactive aggregate. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete (Vol. 2, pp. 690-697). Published by The Concrete Society Slough.
Ohama, Y., Demura, K., & Kakegawa, M. (1989). Inhibiting alkali-aggregate reaction with chemical admixtures. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (pp. 253-258).
Ohama, Y., Demura, K., & Wada, I. (1992). Inhibiting alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete. In Proceedings of 9th International Conference on AAR in Concrete, Westminster(pp. 750-57).
Qinghan, B., Nishibayashi, S., Xuequan, W., Yoshino, A., Hong, Z., Tiecheng, W., & Mingshu, T. (1995). Preliminary study of effect of LiNO2 on expansion of mortars subjected to alkali-silica reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 25(8), 1647-1654.
Ratinov, V. B., & Rosenberg, T. I. (1989). Concrete admixtures. M.: Stroyizdat, 188.
Sakaguchi, Y. (1989). The inhibiting effect of lithium compounds on alkali-silica reaction. In 8th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, 1989 (pp. 229-234).
Saucier, K. L., & Neely, B. D. (1987). Antiwashout admixtures in underwater concrete. Concrete International, 9(5), 42-47.
Shahzad Baig, K., & Yousaf, M. (2017). Coal Fired Power Plants: Emission Problems and Controlling Techniques. J Earth Sci Clim Change, 8(404), 2.
Shon, C. S. (2008). Performance-based approach to evaluate alkali-silica reaction potential of aggregate and concrete using dilatometer method. Texas A&M University.
SiKa. (2018 (accessed 03.14.18)). "Admixture to control alkali-silica reaction in concrete." Retrieved 03.14.18, from http://usa.sika.com/en/home-page-features/product-finder/iframe_and_dropdown/control.html.
Stanton, T. E. (2008). Expansion of concrete through reaction between cement and aggregate (No. SP-249-1).
Stark, D. C. (1993). Lithium Salt Admixtures--An Alternative Method to Prevent Expansive Alkali-Silica Reactivity (No. PCA R&D Serial No. 1919).
Stark, D., Morgan, B., & Okamoto, P. (1993). Eliminating or minimizing alkali-silica reactivity (No. SHRP-C-343).
Stokes, D. B., Baxter, S., Thomas, M. D. A., & Hill, R. (2003). Test Methods for Evaluating the Efficacy of Chemical Admixtures for Controlling Expansion Due to ASR. In 7th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplastisizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete (pp. 393-408).
Swamy, R. N. (2002). Testing for alkali-silica reaction. In The Alkali-silica reaction in concrete (pp. 70-111). CRC Press.
Thomas, M. D., Fournier, B., & Folliard, K. J. (2013). Alkali-aggregate reactivity (AAR) facts book (No. FHWA-HIF-13-019). United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Pavement Technology.
Thomas, M., & Stokes, D. (1999). Use of a lithium-bearing admixture to suppress expansion in concrete due to alkali-silica reaction. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1668), 54-59.
Tremblay, C., Bérubé, M. A., Fournier, B., & Thomas, M. D. A. (2004). Performance of lithium-based products against ASR: effect of aggregate type and reactivity, and reaction mechanisms. In Proceedings of the Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology (Suppl. Papers) (pp. 247-267).
Turk, K., Kina, C., & Bagdiken, M. (2017). Use of binary and ternary cementitious blends of F-Class fly-ash and limestone powder to mitigate alkali-silica reaction risk. Construction and Building Materials, 151, 422-427.
TxDOT (2009). Test Procedure for lithium dosage determination using accelerated mortar bar testing. Texas, Texas Department of Transportation.
Vivian, H. R. (1947). The effect of alkali moment in hardened mortar. CSIRO Bulletin. Australia. 229: 47-54.
Wingard, D. W., Math, S., & Rangaraju, P. R. (2012). Evaluating ASR Mitigation Potential of Supplementary Cementing Materials and Lithium Admixture in the Presence of Potassium Acetate Deicer-Revised EB-70 Test Method (No. 12-4705).
Zapała-Sławeta, J., & Owsiak, Z. (2017, October). Influence of Exposure Conditions on the Efficacy of Lithium Nitrate in Mitigating Alkali Silica Reaction. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 245, No. 2, p. 022049). IOP Publishing.