How to cite this paper
APA: Luciano-Alipio, R., Arévalo-Avecillas, D., Roca, Y., Roca-Concha, T., Zevallos-Guadalupe, V., Quispe-Santivañez, G., Soto-Pareja, M & Visurraga-Camargo, L. (2026). Beyond structural change: Servant leadership as a mediating mechanism linking change management and organizational performance. Decision Science Letters, 15(4), 1327-1340.
Chicago/Turabian: Luciano-Alipio, R., Arévalo-Avecillas, D., Roca, Y., Roca-Concha, T., Zevallos-Guadalupe, V., Quispe-Santivañez, G., Soto-Pareja, M & Visurraga-Camargo, L. 2026. "Beyond structural change: Servant leadership as a mediating mechanism linking change management and organizational performance." Decision Science Letters 15, no. 4 (2026): 1327-1340.
AMA: Luciano-Alipio, R., Arévalo-Avecillas, D., Roca, Y., Roca-Concha, T., Zevallos-Guadalupe, V., Quispe-Santivañez, G., Soto-Pareja, M & Visurraga-Camargo, L. Beyond structural change: Servant leadership as a mediating mechanism linking change management and organizational performance. Decision Science Letters. 2026;15(4):1327-1340.
References
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Babbie, E. (2013). The practice of social research (13th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Balti, M., & Karoui, S. (2024). Employee and manager's emotional intelligence and individual adaptive performance: The role of servant leadership climate. Journal of Management Development, 43(1), 13–34. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-04-2021-0117
Bavik, A., Bavik, Y. L., & Tang, P. M. (2017). Servant leadership, employee job crafting, and citizenship behaviors: A cross-level investigation. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 58(4), 364–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965517719282
Blau, P. M. (1986). Exchange and power in social life (2nd ed.). Transaction Publishers.
Burnes, B. (2020). Managing change (8th ed.). Pearson.
By, R. T. (2005). Organisational change management: A critical review. Journal of Change Management, 5(4), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697010500359250
El-Breshy, S., Elhabashy, A. E., Fors, H., & Harfoush, A. (2024). Resiliency of manufacturing systems in the Industry 4.0 era – A systematic literature review. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 35(4), 624–654. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-04-2022-0171
Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. Paulist Press.
Herold, D. M., Fedor, D. B., Caldwell, S., & Liu, Y. (2008). The effects of transformational and change leadership on employees’ commitment to a change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 346–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.346
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage.
Helfat, C. E., & Martin, J. A. (2015). Dynamic managerial capabilities: Review and assessment of managerial impact on strategic change. Journal of Management, 41(5), 1281–1312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314561301
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hoch, J. E., Bommer, W. H., Dulebohn, J. H., & Wu, D. (2018). Do ethical, authentic, and servant leadership explain variance above and beyond transformational leadership? Journal of Management, 44(2), 501–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316665461
Holten, A.-L., & Brenner, S. O. (2015). Leadership style and the process of organizational change. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36(1), 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2012-0155
Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2021). OR-methods for coping with the ripple effect in supply chains during COVID-19 pandemic: Managerial insights and research implications. International Journal of Production Economics, 232, 107921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107921
Karnouskos, S. (2015). Effective Change Management in Modern Enterprises. Information Systems, 1–97. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:903428/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1966). The social psychology of organizations. Wiley.
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Lee, A., Lyubovnikova, J., Tian, A. W., & Knight, C. (2020). Servant leadership: A meta‐analytic examination of incremental contribution, moderation, and mediation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12265
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Meuser, J. D., Hu, J., Wu, J., & Liao, C. (2015). Servant leadership: Validation of a short form of the SL-28. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(2), 254–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.12.002
Luciano, R., Arevalo, D., Quispe, G., Jimenez, W., & Zavala, E. (2023). Servant leadership and organizational performance: Mediating role of organizational culture. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 21(4), 333–346. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(4).2023.26
March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2.1.71
Newman, A., Schwarz, G., Cooper, B., & Sendjaya, S. (2017). How servant leadership influences organizational citizenship behavior: The roles of LMX, empowerment, and proactive personality. Journal of Business Ethics, 145(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2827-6
Nguyen, T. T., Mia, L., Winata, L., & Chong, V. K. (2021). Effect of transformational leadership style and management control system on managerial performance. Journal of Business Research, 70, 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.08.018
Oreg, S., Vakola, M., & Armenakis, A. (2011). Change recipients’ reactions to organizational change: A 60-year review of quantitative studies. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(4), 461–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886310396550
Otzen, T., & Manterola, C. (2017). Sampling techniques on a population study. International Journal of Morphology, 35(1), 227–232. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022017000100037
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
Rafferty, A. E., & Griffin, M. A. (2006). Perceptions of organizational change: A stress and coping perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 1154–1162. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1154
Ruiz-Palomino, P., Yáñez-Araque, B., Gutiérrez-Broncano, S., & Jiménez Estévez, P. (2025). Unlocking organizational change: servant leadership, change resistance and the mediating role of emotional intelligence. Management Decision. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2024-0874
Sott, M. K., & Bender, M. S. (2025). The role of adaptive leadership in times of crisis: A systematic review and conceptual framework. Merits, 5(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits5010002
Silva, A. J., & Costa, S. (2024). Thriving in change: Examining the influence of organizational sustainability on employee performance in the post-COVID landscape. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 34(4), 1096–1119. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-01-2024-4222
Sofic, A., Rakic, S., Pezzotta, G., Markoski, B., Arioli, V., & Marjanovic, U. (2022). Smart and Resilient Transformation of Manufacturing Firms. Processes, 10(12), 2674. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122674
Stouten, J., Rousseau, D. M., & De Cremer, D. (2018). Successful organizational change: Integrating the management practice and scholarly literatures. Academy of Management Annals, 12(2), 752–788. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0095
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of sustainable enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(13), 1319–1350. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.640
Tripathi, D., Priyadarshi, P., Kumar, P., & Kumar, S. (2021). Does servant leadership affect work role performance via knowledge sharing and psychological empowerment? VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 51(5), 792–812. https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-10-2019-0159
Vakola, M., Armenakis, A., & Oreg, S. (2013). Reactions to organizational change from an individual differences perspective: A review of empirical research. In S. Oreg, A. Michel, & R. T. By (Eds.), The psychology of organizational change: Viewing change from the employee's perspective (pp. 95–122). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139096690.008
van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1228–1261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310380462
Weiner, B. J. (2009). A theory of organizational readiness for change. Implementation Science, 4(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-4-67
World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
Avci, U., Madanoglu, M., & Okumus, F. (2011). Strategic orientation and performance of tourism firms: Evidence from a developing country. Tourism Management, 32(1), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.01.017
Babbie, E. (2013). The practice of social research (13th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Balti, M., & Karoui, S. (2024). Employee and manager's emotional intelligence and individual adaptive performance: The role of servant leadership climate. Journal of Management Development, 43(1), 13–34. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-04-2021-0117
Bavik, A., Bavik, Y. L., & Tang, P. M. (2017). Servant leadership, employee job crafting, and citizenship behaviors: A cross-level investigation. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 58(4), 364–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965517719282
Blau, P. M. (1986). Exchange and power in social life (2nd ed.). Transaction Publishers.
Burnes, B. (2020). Managing change (8th ed.). Pearson.
By, R. T. (2005). Organisational change management: A critical review. Journal of Change Management, 5(4), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697010500359250
El-Breshy, S., Elhabashy, A. E., Fors, H., & Harfoush, A. (2024). Resiliency of manufacturing systems in the Industry 4.0 era – A systematic literature review. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 35(4), 624–654. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-04-2022-0171
Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. Paulist Press.
Herold, D. M., Fedor, D. B., Caldwell, S., & Liu, Y. (2008). The effects of transformational and change leadership on employees’ commitment to a change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 346–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.346
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage.
Helfat, C. E., & Martin, J. A. (2015). Dynamic managerial capabilities: Review and assessment of managerial impact on strategic change. Journal of Management, 41(5), 1281–1312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314561301
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hoch, J. E., Bommer, W. H., Dulebohn, J. H., & Wu, D. (2018). Do ethical, authentic, and servant leadership explain variance above and beyond transformational leadership? Journal of Management, 44(2), 501–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316665461
Holten, A.-L., & Brenner, S. O. (2015). Leadership style and the process of organizational change. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36(1), 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2012-0155
Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2021). OR-methods for coping with the ripple effect in supply chains during COVID-19 pandemic: Managerial insights and research implications. International Journal of Production Economics, 232, 107921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107921
Karnouskos, S. (2015). Effective Change Management in Modern Enterprises. Information Systems, 1–97. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:903428/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1966). The social psychology of organizations. Wiley.
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Lee, A., Lyubovnikova, J., Tian, A. W., & Knight, C. (2020). Servant leadership: A meta‐analytic examination of incremental contribution, moderation, and mediation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12265
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Meuser, J. D., Hu, J., Wu, J., & Liao, C. (2015). Servant leadership: Validation of a short form of the SL-28. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(2), 254–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.12.002
Luciano, R., Arevalo, D., Quispe, G., Jimenez, W., & Zavala, E. (2023). Servant leadership and organizational performance: Mediating role of organizational culture. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 21(4), 333–346. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(4).2023.26
March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2.1.71
Newman, A., Schwarz, G., Cooper, B., & Sendjaya, S. (2017). How servant leadership influences organizational citizenship behavior: The roles of LMX, empowerment, and proactive personality. Journal of Business Ethics, 145(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2827-6
Nguyen, T. T., Mia, L., Winata, L., & Chong, V. K. (2021). Effect of transformational leadership style and management control system on managerial performance. Journal of Business Research, 70, 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.08.018
Oreg, S., Vakola, M., & Armenakis, A. (2011). Change recipients’ reactions to organizational change: A 60-year review of quantitative studies. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(4), 461–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886310396550
Otzen, T., & Manterola, C. (2017). Sampling techniques on a population study. International Journal of Morphology, 35(1), 227–232. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022017000100037
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
Rafferty, A. E., & Griffin, M. A. (2006). Perceptions of organizational change: A stress and coping perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 1154–1162. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1154
Ruiz-Palomino, P., Yáñez-Araque, B., Gutiérrez-Broncano, S., & Jiménez Estévez, P. (2025). Unlocking organizational change: servant leadership, change resistance and the mediating role of emotional intelligence. Management Decision. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2024-0874
Sott, M. K., & Bender, M. S. (2025). The role of adaptive leadership in times of crisis: A systematic review and conceptual framework. Merits, 5(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits5010002
Silva, A. J., & Costa, S. (2024). Thriving in change: Examining the influence of organizational sustainability on employee performance in the post-COVID landscape. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 34(4), 1096–1119. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-01-2024-4222
Sofic, A., Rakic, S., Pezzotta, G., Markoski, B., Arioli, V., & Marjanovic, U. (2022). Smart and Resilient Transformation of Manufacturing Firms. Processes, 10(12), 2674. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122674
Stouten, J., Rousseau, D. M., & De Cremer, D. (2018). Successful organizational change: Integrating the management practice and scholarly literatures. Academy of Management Annals, 12(2), 752–788. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0095
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of sustainable enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(13), 1319–1350. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.640
Tripathi, D., Priyadarshi, P., Kumar, P., & Kumar, S. (2021). Does servant leadership affect work role performance via knowledge sharing and psychological empowerment? VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 51(5), 792–812. https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-10-2019-0159
Vakola, M., Armenakis, A., & Oreg, S. (2013). Reactions to organizational change from an individual differences perspective: A review of empirical research. In S. Oreg, A. Michel, & R. T. By (Eds.), The psychology of organizational change: Viewing change from the employee's perspective (pp. 95–122). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139096690.008
van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1228–1261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310380462
Weiner, B. J. (2009). A theory of organizational readiness for change. Implementation Science, 4(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-4-67
World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053