The development of effective insecticides is crucial for sustainable agriculture. This research focuses on a series of pyridine derivatives (3–9) that were prepared and evaluated for their agricultural bioefficacy as potential insecticides against cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae). The results demonstrate significant variations in bioefficacy among the tested compounds. Toxicity index analysis revealed the following order of insecticidal activity: 8>4>6>3>5>7>9, highlighting compound 8 as the most potent. Furthermore, potential binding interactions were elucidated through molecular docking studies between these compounds and relevant insect target proteins. So, the observed bioactivity trends were rationalized with the use of the docking data, which offered useful information on the binding affinities and molecular interactions. AChE, or acetylcholine esterase (PDB ID: 2ACE), has been docked against the seven synthetic molecules (3–9). Interestingly, compounds (2-(pyridin-2-ylthio)acetonitrile; 8), (2-(pyridin-2-ylthio)acetic acid; 6), and (ethyl 2-(pyridin-2-ylthio)acetate; 4) had the highest binding affinity, with respective docking scores (S) of -7.51, -7.45, and -7.12 kcal/mol, while compounds (thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives; 7 and 9) had the lowest binding affinity (S=-6.52 and -6.73 kcal/mol, respectively). According to protein-ligand docking configurations, these compounds exhibited a range of binding interactions inside the 2ACE active site. Hence, this study contributes to the development of new pyridine-based insecticides for sustainable pest management in agricultural applications.

A new series of Schiff bases derived from pyrazole-thiocarbohydrazide, namely (4a-d), were well-synthesized. The synthesis is carried out using monothiocarbohydrazone derivative (3), which was prepared via coupling of 5-chloro-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde (1) with thiocarbohydrazide (2) in absolute ethanol that contains a catalytic quantity of acetic acid. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were fully clarified by various spectroscopic analyses (FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and mass spectra) and elemental analysis. Also, the molecular docking was performed to investigate the binding interactions of the synthesized compounds (1, 3 and 4a-d) with COX-2 active site. The results revealed that most of them have robust hydrogen bonding networks and favorable binding energies compared to compound (4b). Understanding the anti-inflammatory behavior through understanding the specific interactions of these compounds with COX-2 will aid in the design and development of more effective inhibitors for therapeutic applications.

The purpose of the study is to determine how supply chain flexibility (SCF), supply chain governance (SCG), and green supply chain practices (GSCPs) affect supply chain performance (SCP). In addition to exploring whether TQM moderates the effect of SCF, SCG, GSCPs on SCP of Saudi medium-sized industrial firms. To this end, data was gathered from 312 employees in Saudi medium-sized industrial firms and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) via Smart PLS 4 software. The study revealed that GSCPs and SCG have a positive, significant and direct effect on SCP, in addition to that SCF and TQM do not have a direct positive effect on SCP. The study also found that TQM modifies the relationship between GSCPs, SCF, SCG and SCP.

The study aimed to know the positive impact of TQM, EO, and OI on OP, in addition to the indirect impact of TQM, EO, and OI on OP when using CA as an intermediary variable. The study sample consisted of all (307) employees in senior and middle departments working in total quality. Random sampling was the sampling technique strategy used in this study. For the measurements in this investigation, a closed questionnaire from previous research was used. The primary data analysis technique in this study was to evaluate the measurement model and structural model using SmartPLS (4.01). The discriminant and convergent validity of the measurement model was assessed. The results of the study show that in addition to having a direct and positive effect on OP, TQM, EO and OI also have an indirect and positive effect on OP when CA is used as a mediating variable. According to the study, OI, TQM, and EO should receive equal attention from major local industrial enterprises operating in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. As one of the most important management strategies for advancing management thought, large local Saudi industrial companies should also implement and ensure the success of a management program. Comprehensive quality and pioneering orientation. These strategies have been proven to be successful in helping organizations solve problems related to productivity or service quality.

The food industry consumes large amounts of water although there is an increasing demand for water and a rapid decrease in the level of natural water resources. Wastewater resulting from food industries needs to be assessed for their compliance to standards. In this study, wastewater treatment steps from the food industry were investigated for accurate assessment of wastewater loading by analyzing parameters of the concentration of compounds present in the effluents. The results revealed that the parameters of treated wastewater were as follow, electrical conductivity 2931 μs/cm, total suspended solids 100 mg/L, biochemical oxygen demand 90 mg/L, chemical oxygen demand 250 mg/L, total phosphorus 7.9 mg/L, and total nitrogen 70 mg/L. This exerts a huge load on the biological treatment unit. Thus, this study offers an understanding and support in selecting appropriate treatment for industrial wastewater to obtain an effluent suitable in compliance with standards of the environmental quality.

Herbicides used on a regular basis could endanger non-target species like earthworms. The aim of this work was to test the toxic effect of atrazine and metribuzin on Aporrectodea caliginosa by filter paper contact and soil mixing techniques. Atrazine had the highest intrinsic toxicity to earthworms, with LC50 of 0.026 µg mL-1 after 72 hr of treatment. While the LC50 of metribuzin was 0.063 µg mL-1 after 72 hr by filter paper contact test. LC50 was reduced from 11.121 to 3.118 and 164.824 to 19.113 μg g soil-1 in clay soil, from 32.221 to 17.33 and 324.141 to 41.028 μg g soil-1 in soil (1:1) and from 41.234 to 30.804 and 462.255 to 70.902 μg g soil-1 in sandy clay loam soil of atrazine and metribuzin after 5 and 10 day. Generally, atrazine is more toxic than metribuzin in both tests.

This study aims to present further evidence of cost stickiness by employing Selling, General, and Administrative (SG&A) costs. It also provides empirical evidence on the effect of audit committee meetings and audit quality on cost stickiness. The study used data from listed companies on the Saudi Arabian stock exchange during 2015–2019. Based on pooled panel data regression, the study proves that the SG&A costs are sticky. The results show the level of SG&A costs increases more with an increase in sales revenue (activity) while it decreases less with an equivalent reduction in sales revenue (activity). Also, this study finds that the frequency of audit committee meetings decreases the magnitude stickiness of SG&A costs, which supports the view that frequent meetings of AC significantly enhance its overseeing function and effectiveness. The study further reveals that audit quality “by BIG4 audit firms” is not related to reduced cost stickiness. This result implies that there is no difference in CS between companies audited by BIG4 or by non-BIG4. In general, the research highlights the importance of AC diligence (i.e., meetings) in improving its effectiveness and controlling management’s discretions affecting the cost structure in the context of sticky cost behavior.

Oxo derivatives of pyrazolines and pyrazolidines are important heterocyclic compounds due to their unique biological activities and have been widely applied in pharmaceutical and agromedical fields. In this review, we provide an account of some recent advances in the field of pyrazolone chemistry, specifically on the reported synthesis methods of pyrazolinone (3-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrazole) and 3,5-pyrzolidinediones (3,5-dioxotetrahydropyrazoles) derivatives.

In examining for unique insecticidal agents, two derivatives namely, 2-((3-cyano-4,6-distyrylpyridin-2-yl)thio)-N-(4-nitrophenyl)acetamide (2) and 3-amino-N-(4-nitrophenyl)-4,6-distyrylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (3) were synthesized from distyrylpyridine-2-thione (1). The new compounds were structurally clarified by spectral and elemental analysis data. The insecticidal activity of these compounds were carried out against cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. It is demonstrated that the compounds 2 and 3 have noteworthy insecticidal activity against nymphs of cowpea aphid with LC50 values of 0.025-0.027 ppm and 0.005-0.006 ppm after 24 h and 48 h of treatment, respectively. Also, the compounds 2 and 3 have noteworthy insecticidal activity against adults of cowpea aphid with LC50 values of 0.112-0.129 ppm and 0.014-0.015 ppm after 24 h and 48 h of treatment, respectively, that were comparable to that of the control acetamiprid.

Oxygen-containing heterocycles are largely distributed in natural and synthetic compounds. Coumarins are among the most famous heterocycles which possess one oxygen atom in their rings. Coumarins are classified as multifunctional scaffold and are used as anti-oxidant reagents, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-HIV active, analgesic, anti-histaminic, insecticides, dyes, herbicides, sensitizers, perfumes, cosmetics and food additives. Due to their diverse applications in industrial and pharmaceutical fields, many chemists have given significant interest to these compounds. Herein, the review highlights various methods for the synthesis and interactions of coumarin moiety as one of the most efficient categories of heterocycles.