How to cite this paper
Gawade, R., Varala, R & Kulkarni, P. (2025). DBUHI3-catalyzed efficient synthesis 2,4,5-triaryl substituted imidazoles.Current Chemistry Letters, 14(4), 843-850.
References
1. Kabir E., & Uzzaman M. (2022) A review on biological and medicinal impact of heterocyclic compounds. Results Chem., 4 100606. DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100606
2. Taylor A. P., Robinson R. P., Fobian Y. M., Blakemore D. C., Jones L. H., & Fadeyi O. (2016) Modern advances in heterocyclic chemistry in drug discovery. Org. Biomol. Chem., 14 6611-6637. DOI: 10.1039/C6OB00936K
3. Karthikeyan S., Grishina M., Kandasamy S., Mangaiyarkarasi R., Ramamoorthi A., Chinnathambi S., & Kennedy L. J. (2023) Medicinally important heterocyclic compounds and the biophysical approach to mechanism in biological environments. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 41(23) 14599-14619. DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2187640
4. Qadir T., Amin A., Sharma P. K., Jeelani I., & Abe H. (2022) Medicinally important heterocyclic compounds: A review. Open Med. Chem. J., 16, e187410452202280. DOI: 10.2174/18741045-v16-e2202280
5. Aatif M., Raza M. A., Javed K., Nashre-ul-Islam S. M., Farhan M., & Alam M. W. (2022) Potential nitrogen-based heterocyclic compounds for treating infectious diseases: A literature review. Antibiotics. 11 1750. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121750
6. Kerru N., Gummidi L., Maddila S., Gangu K. K., & Jonnalagadda S. B. (2020) Recent advances in nitrogen-containing molecules and their biological applications. Molecules. 25 1909. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081909
7. Luo W., Liu Y., Qin H., Zhao Z., Wang S., He W., Tang S., & Peng J. (2024) Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic drug products approved by the FDA in 2023: Synthesis and biological activity. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 279 116838. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.117087
8. Amin A., Qadir T., Sharma P. K., Jeelani I., & Abe H. (2022) Medicinal and industrial applications of N-containing heterocycles: A review. Open Med. Chem. J., 16, e187410452209010. DOI: 10.2174/18741045-v16-e2209010
9. Varala R. (2016) Scope of selective heterocycles from organic and pharmaceutical perspective. InTechOpen, Rijeka. DOI: 10.5772/60890
10. Strecker A. (1850)Ueber die künstlicheBildung der Milchsäure und einenneuen, demGlycocollhomologenKörper. Liebigs Ann. Chem., 75(1) 27-45. DOI: 10.1002/jlac.18500750103
11. Zarganes-Tzitzikas T., Ajay L. C., & Alexander D. (2015) Multicomponent reactions, union of MCRs and beyond. Chem. Rec., 15(5) 981-996. DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500201
12. Zarganes-Tzitzikas T., & Dömling A. (2014) Modern multicomponent reactions for better drug syntheses. Org. Chem. Front., 1, 834-837. DOI: 10.1039/C4QO00088A
13. Cores Á., Clerigué J., Orocio-Rodríguez E., & Menéndez J. C. (2022) Multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Pharmaceuticals. 15 1009. DOI: 10.3390/ph15081009
14. Younus H. A., Al-Rashida M., Hameed A., Uroos M., Salar U., Rana S., & Khan K. M. (2021) Multicomponent reactions in medicinal chemistry: A patent review (2010-2020). Expert Opin. Ther. Pat., 31(3) 267-289. DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1858797
15. Graziano G., Stefanachi A., Contino M., Prieto-Díaz R., Ligresti A., Kumar P., Scilimati A., Sotelo E., & Leonetti F. (2023) Multicomponent reaction-assisted drug discovery: A green approach for anticancer agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24 6581. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076581
16. Graebin C. S., Ribeiro F. V., Rogério K. R., & Kümmerle A. E. (2019) Multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of bioactive compounds: A review. Curr. Org. Synth., 16(6) 855-899. DOI: 10.2174/1570179416666190718153703
17. John S. E., Shivani G., & Nagula S. (2021) Recent advances in multi-component reactions and their mechanistic insights: A triennium review. Org. Chem. Front., 8 4237-4287. DOI: 10.1039/D0QO01480J
18. Godsi M. Z., Moradi R., & Mahammadkhani L. (2019) Application of multicomponent reactions in the total synthesis of natural peptides. Arkivoc. part i, 18-40. DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p010.779
19. Müller T. J. J. (2017) Multicomponent reactions in the synthesis of heterocycles. Chem. Heterocycl. Comp., 53 381-400. DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2064-2
20. Shabalin D. A., & Camp J. E. (2020) Recent advances in the synthesis of imidazoles. Org. Biomol. Chem., 18 3950-3964. DOI: 10.1039/D0OB00350F
21. Siwach A., & Verma P. K. (2021) Synthesis and therapeutic potential of imidazole-containing compounds. BMC Chem., 15 12. DOI: 10.1186/s13065-020-00730-1
22. Devi M. M., Devi K. S., Singh O. M., & Singh T. P. (2024) Synthesis of imidazole derivatives in the last five years: An update. Heterocycl. Commun., 30 20220173. DOI: 10.1515/hc-2022-0173
23. Lakshmidevi V. R., Reeja D., RohithRajan A., & Vinod B. (2023) Advanced spectrum of imidazole derivatives in therapeutics: A review. J. Chem. Rev., 5(3) 241-262. DOI: 10.22034/jcr.2023.385802.1215
24. Hamdi A., Daoudi W., Aaddouz M., Azzouzi M., Amhamdi H., Elyoussfi A., Aatiaoui A. E., Verma D. K., Abboud M., & Ahari M. (2024) Synthesis and biological evaluation of tri- and tetra-substituted imidazoles: A review. Heliyon. 10(10) e31253. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31253
25. Al-Ghamdi H. A., Almughem F. A., Alshabibi M. A., Bakr A. A., Alshehri A. A., Aodah A. H., Al Zahrani N. A., Tawfik E. A., & Damiati L. A. (2024) Novel imidazole derivatives as antimicrobial agents. Biomolecules. 14(9) 1198. DOI: 10.3390/biom14091198
26. Muheyuddeen G., Khan M. Y., Ahmad T., Srivatsava S., Verma S., Mo S. A., & Sahu N. (2024) Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazole derivatives as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. Sci. Rep., 14 23121. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72399-8
27. Yadav G., & Jain R. (2025) Synthetic, structural and medicinal perspectives of imidazole analogs: A review. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 290 117524. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.117524
28. Pervaiz S., Mutahir S., Khan I. U., Ashraf M., Liu X., Tariq S., Zhou B.-J., & Khan M. A. (2020) Solvent-free synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Chem. Biodivers., 17(3) e1900493. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900493
29. Harisha M. B., Dhanalakshmi P., Suresh R., Kumar R. R., Muthusubramanian S., & Bhuvanesh N. (2019) TMSOTf-catalysed synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles from vinyl azides and nitriles. ChemistrySelect. 4 2954-2958. DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801543
30. Li Y., Qiu J., Gao P., Zhai L., Bai Z.-J., & Chen H.-J. (2022) KI-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of enamines and tert-BuONO to access imidazole-4-carboxylic derivatives. J. Org. Chem., 87 15380-15388. DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01943
31. Kanazawa C., Kamijo S., & Yamamoto Y. (2006) Copper-catalyzed cross-cycloaddition of two isocyanides to imidazoles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128 10662-10663. DOI: 10.1021/ja0617439
32. Li J., & Neuville L. (2013) Copper-catalyzed oxidative diamination of terminal alkynes by amidines: Synthesis of 1,2,4-trisubstituted imidazoles. Org. Lett., 15 1752-1755. DOI: 10.1021/ol400560m
33. Asressu K. H., Chan C. K., & Wang C. C. (2021)TMSOTf-catalyzed synthesis of trisubstitutedimidazoles under microwave irradiation. RSC Adv., 11(45) 28061-28071. DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05802a
34. Zhu Y., Li C., Zhang J., She M., Sun W., Wan K., Wang Y., Yin B., Liu P., & Li J. (2015) FeCl₃/I₂-catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling for tetrasubstitutedimidazoles from amidines and chalcones. Org. Lett., 17 3872-3875. DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01854
35. Li Y., Qiu J., Gao P., Zhai L., Bai Z.-J., & Chen H.-J. (2022) KI-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of enamines and tert-BuONO to imidazole-4-carboxylic derivatives. J. Org. Chem., 87 15380-15388. DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01943
36. Siddiqui S. A., Narkhede U. C., Palimkar S. S., Daniel T., Lahoti R. J., & Srinivasan K. V. (2005) Ionic-liquid-promoted synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl imidazoles from aryl aldehydes and diketones. Tetrahedron. 61 3539-3546.
37. Satyanarayana V. S. V., & Sivakumar A. (2011) One-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl-1H-imidazoles catalyzed by UO₂(NO₃)₂·6H₂O. Chem. Pap., 65 519-526. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-011-0028-z
38. Mirjalili B. F., Bamoniri A., & Mohaghegh N. (2013) One-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles promoted by trichloromelamine. Curr. Chem. Lett., 2(1) 35-42.
39. Tang D., Wu P., Liu X., Chen Y.-X., Guo S.-B., Chen W.-L., Li J.-G., & Chen B.-H. (2013) Copper-catalyzed [3+2] cycloadditions to multisubstitutedimidazoles. J. Org. Chem., 78(6) 2746-2750. DOI: 10.1021/jo302555z
40. Chundawat T. S., Sharma N., Kumari P., & Bhagat S. (2016) Microwave-assisted nickel-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles. Synlett. 27 404-408. DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1560825
41. Jayram J., & Jeena V. (2017) Copper-catalyzed aerobic benzylic sp³ C–H oxidation for 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles via domino MCR. Green Chem., 19 5841-5845. DOI: 10.1039/C7GC02484C
42. Bansal R., Soni P. K., & Halve A. K. (2018) Green one-pot synthesis of tetrasubstituted and trisubstitutedimidazoles. J. Heterocycl. Chem., 55(6) 1308-1312. DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3160
43. Sonar J., Pardeshi S., Dokhe S., Pawar R., Kharat K., Zine A., Matsagar B., Wu K., & Thore S. (2019) Lactic-acid-promoted synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles. SN Appl. Sci., 1, 1045. DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0935-0
44. Masteri-Farahani M., Ezabadi A., Mazarei R., Ataeinia P., Shahsavarifar S., & Mousavi F. (2020) Clay-supported heteropolyacid nanocomposite catalyst for green synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles. Appl. Organomet. Chem., 34(8) e5727. DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5727
45. Tan J., Li J. R., & Hu Y. L. (2020) Periodic mesoporous organosilica supported benzotriazolium ionic liquids for reusable synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles. J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 24(10) 777-784. DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2020.08.006
46. Manteghi F., Zakeri F., Guy O. J., & Tehrani Z. (2021) MIL-101(Cr): An efficient heterogeneous catalyst for solvent-free synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles. Nanomaterials. 11 845. DOI: 10.3390/nano11040845
47. Ankush B. P., Shitole B. V., & Shitole N. V. (2021) One-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl-1H-imidazoles using glutamic acid as catalyst. Orbital Electron. J. Chem., 13(3) 232-235.
48. Chinta B., Satyadev T. N. V. S. S., & Adilakshmi G. V. (2023) Zn(OAc)₂·2H₂O-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of diversified imidazoles. Curr. Chem. Lett., 12 175-184. DOI: 10.5267/j.ccl.2022.08.000
49. Koduri R. G., Varala R., Boodida S., Pagadala R., & Damera T. (2024) Ultrasound-assisted SO₄²⁻/SnO₂-catalyzed synthesis of tetraarylimidazoles: A computational study. Russ. J. Gen. Chem., 94 1159-1166. DOI: 10.1134/S1070363224050141
50. Liu C., Ren L., Wang J., Wu P., Liu Y., Shang Y., & Zhang D. (2024) NCS-catalyzed synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl-1H-imidazole and selective Fe³⁺ detection. J. Mol. Struct., 1315 138989. DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.138989
51. Lakshman S., Rao N. S., Kadgamala S., Durgarao B. V., Krishnarao N., & Diwakar B. S. (2024)TiO₂ nanoparticles as reusable catalysts for 2,4,5-trisubstituted-1H-imidazoles. IOP Conf. Ser.: J. Phys., 2765 012026. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2765/1/012026
52. Mohammad F., Azizi N., Mirjafari Z., & Mokhtari J. (2025) Green synthesis of imidazole derivatives in a ternary deep-eutectic solvent system. Sci. Rep., 15 16746. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-01547-5
53. Gawade R., Jadhav P., Shinde S., & Kulkarni P. S. (2022) DBUHI₃-catalyzed synthesis of arylidenepyrazoles. Heterocyclic Lett., 12(4) 767-773.
54. Gawade R., & Kulkarni P. S. (2023) DBUHI₃ complex as an efficient catalyst for 2-phenylbenzimidazole and benzothiazole derivatives. J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 88(10) 959-974. DOI: 10.2298/JSC220526007G
2. Taylor A. P., Robinson R. P., Fobian Y. M., Blakemore D. C., Jones L. H., & Fadeyi O. (2016) Modern advances in heterocyclic chemistry in drug discovery. Org. Biomol. Chem., 14 6611-6637. DOI: 10.1039/C6OB00936K
3. Karthikeyan S., Grishina M., Kandasamy S., Mangaiyarkarasi R., Ramamoorthi A., Chinnathambi S., & Kennedy L. J. (2023) Medicinally important heterocyclic compounds and the biophysical approach to mechanism in biological environments. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 41(23) 14599-14619. DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2187640
4. Qadir T., Amin A., Sharma P. K., Jeelani I., & Abe H. (2022) Medicinally important heterocyclic compounds: A review. Open Med. Chem. J., 16, e187410452202280. DOI: 10.2174/18741045-v16-e2202280
5. Aatif M., Raza M. A., Javed K., Nashre-ul-Islam S. M., Farhan M., & Alam M. W. (2022) Potential nitrogen-based heterocyclic compounds for treating infectious diseases: A literature review. Antibiotics. 11 1750. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121750
6. Kerru N., Gummidi L., Maddila S., Gangu K. K., & Jonnalagadda S. B. (2020) Recent advances in nitrogen-containing molecules and their biological applications. Molecules. 25 1909. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081909
7. Luo W., Liu Y., Qin H., Zhao Z., Wang S., He W., Tang S., & Peng J. (2024) Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic drug products approved by the FDA in 2023: Synthesis and biological activity. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 279 116838. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.117087
8. Amin A., Qadir T., Sharma P. K., Jeelani I., & Abe H. (2022) Medicinal and industrial applications of N-containing heterocycles: A review. Open Med. Chem. J., 16, e187410452209010. DOI: 10.2174/18741045-v16-e2209010
9. Varala R. (2016) Scope of selective heterocycles from organic and pharmaceutical perspective. InTechOpen, Rijeka. DOI: 10.5772/60890
10. Strecker A. (1850)Ueber die künstlicheBildung der Milchsäure und einenneuen, demGlycocollhomologenKörper. Liebigs Ann. Chem., 75(1) 27-45. DOI: 10.1002/jlac.18500750103
11. Zarganes-Tzitzikas T., Ajay L. C., & Alexander D. (2015) Multicomponent reactions, union of MCRs and beyond. Chem. Rec., 15(5) 981-996. DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500201
12. Zarganes-Tzitzikas T., & Dömling A. (2014) Modern multicomponent reactions for better drug syntheses. Org. Chem. Front., 1, 834-837. DOI: 10.1039/C4QO00088A
13. Cores Á., Clerigué J., Orocio-Rodríguez E., & Menéndez J. C. (2022) Multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Pharmaceuticals. 15 1009. DOI: 10.3390/ph15081009
14. Younus H. A., Al-Rashida M., Hameed A., Uroos M., Salar U., Rana S., & Khan K. M. (2021) Multicomponent reactions in medicinal chemistry: A patent review (2010-2020). Expert Opin. Ther. Pat., 31(3) 267-289. DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1858797
15. Graziano G., Stefanachi A., Contino M., Prieto-Díaz R., Ligresti A., Kumar P., Scilimati A., Sotelo E., & Leonetti F. (2023) Multicomponent reaction-assisted drug discovery: A green approach for anticancer agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24 6581. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076581
16. Graebin C. S., Ribeiro F. V., Rogério K. R., & Kümmerle A. E. (2019) Multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of bioactive compounds: A review. Curr. Org. Synth., 16(6) 855-899. DOI: 10.2174/1570179416666190718153703
17. John S. E., Shivani G., & Nagula S. (2021) Recent advances in multi-component reactions and their mechanistic insights: A triennium review. Org. Chem. Front., 8 4237-4287. DOI: 10.1039/D0QO01480J
18. Godsi M. Z., Moradi R., & Mahammadkhani L. (2019) Application of multicomponent reactions in the total synthesis of natural peptides. Arkivoc. part i, 18-40. DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p010.779
19. Müller T. J. J. (2017) Multicomponent reactions in the synthesis of heterocycles. Chem. Heterocycl. Comp., 53 381-400. DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2064-2
20. Shabalin D. A., & Camp J. E. (2020) Recent advances in the synthesis of imidazoles. Org. Biomol. Chem., 18 3950-3964. DOI: 10.1039/D0OB00350F
21. Siwach A., & Verma P. K. (2021) Synthesis and therapeutic potential of imidazole-containing compounds. BMC Chem., 15 12. DOI: 10.1186/s13065-020-00730-1
22. Devi M. M., Devi K. S., Singh O. M., & Singh T. P. (2024) Synthesis of imidazole derivatives in the last five years: An update. Heterocycl. Commun., 30 20220173. DOI: 10.1515/hc-2022-0173
23. Lakshmidevi V. R., Reeja D., RohithRajan A., & Vinod B. (2023) Advanced spectrum of imidazole derivatives in therapeutics: A review. J. Chem. Rev., 5(3) 241-262. DOI: 10.22034/jcr.2023.385802.1215
24. Hamdi A., Daoudi W., Aaddouz M., Azzouzi M., Amhamdi H., Elyoussfi A., Aatiaoui A. E., Verma D. K., Abboud M., & Ahari M. (2024) Synthesis and biological evaluation of tri- and tetra-substituted imidazoles: A review. Heliyon. 10(10) e31253. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31253
25. Al-Ghamdi H. A., Almughem F. A., Alshabibi M. A., Bakr A. A., Alshehri A. A., Aodah A. H., Al Zahrani N. A., Tawfik E. A., & Damiati L. A. (2024) Novel imidazole derivatives as antimicrobial agents. Biomolecules. 14(9) 1198. DOI: 10.3390/biom14091198
26. Muheyuddeen G., Khan M. Y., Ahmad T., Srivatsava S., Verma S., Mo S. A., & Sahu N. (2024) Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazole derivatives as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. Sci. Rep., 14 23121. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72399-8
27. Yadav G., & Jain R. (2025) Synthetic, structural and medicinal perspectives of imidazole analogs: A review. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 290 117524. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.117524
28. Pervaiz S., Mutahir S., Khan I. U., Ashraf M., Liu X., Tariq S., Zhou B.-J., & Khan M. A. (2020) Solvent-free synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Chem. Biodivers., 17(3) e1900493. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900493
29. Harisha M. B., Dhanalakshmi P., Suresh R., Kumar R. R., Muthusubramanian S., & Bhuvanesh N. (2019) TMSOTf-catalysed synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles from vinyl azides and nitriles. ChemistrySelect. 4 2954-2958. DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801543
30. Li Y., Qiu J., Gao P., Zhai L., Bai Z.-J., & Chen H.-J. (2022) KI-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of enamines and tert-BuONO to access imidazole-4-carboxylic derivatives. J. Org. Chem., 87 15380-15388. DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01943
31. Kanazawa C., Kamijo S., & Yamamoto Y. (2006) Copper-catalyzed cross-cycloaddition of two isocyanides to imidazoles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128 10662-10663. DOI: 10.1021/ja0617439
32. Li J., & Neuville L. (2013) Copper-catalyzed oxidative diamination of terminal alkynes by amidines: Synthesis of 1,2,4-trisubstituted imidazoles. Org. Lett., 15 1752-1755. DOI: 10.1021/ol400560m
33. Asressu K. H., Chan C. K., & Wang C. C. (2021)TMSOTf-catalyzed synthesis of trisubstitutedimidazoles under microwave irradiation. RSC Adv., 11(45) 28061-28071. DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05802a
34. Zhu Y., Li C., Zhang J., She M., Sun W., Wan K., Wang Y., Yin B., Liu P., & Li J. (2015) FeCl₃/I₂-catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling for tetrasubstitutedimidazoles from amidines and chalcones. Org. Lett., 17 3872-3875. DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01854
35. Li Y., Qiu J., Gao P., Zhai L., Bai Z.-J., & Chen H.-J. (2022) KI-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of enamines and tert-BuONO to imidazole-4-carboxylic derivatives. J. Org. Chem., 87 15380-15388. DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01943
36. Siddiqui S. A., Narkhede U. C., Palimkar S. S., Daniel T., Lahoti R. J., & Srinivasan K. V. (2005) Ionic-liquid-promoted synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl imidazoles from aryl aldehydes and diketones. Tetrahedron. 61 3539-3546.
37. Satyanarayana V. S. V., & Sivakumar A. (2011) One-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl-1H-imidazoles catalyzed by UO₂(NO₃)₂·6H₂O. Chem. Pap., 65 519-526. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-011-0028-z
38. Mirjalili B. F., Bamoniri A., & Mohaghegh N. (2013) One-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles promoted by trichloromelamine. Curr. Chem. Lett., 2(1) 35-42.
39. Tang D., Wu P., Liu X., Chen Y.-X., Guo S.-B., Chen W.-L., Li J.-G., & Chen B.-H. (2013) Copper-catalyzed [3+2] cycloadditions to multisubstitutedimidazoles. J. Org. Chem., 78(6) 2746-2750. DOI: 10.1021/jo302555z
40. Chundawat T. S., Sharma N., Kumari P., & Bhagat S. (2016) Microwave-assisted nickel-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles. Synlett. 27 404-408. DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1560825
41. Jayram J., & Jeena V. (2017) Copper-catalyzed aerobic benzylic sp³ C–H oxidation for 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles via domino MCR. Green Chem., 19 5841-5845. DOI: 10.1039/C7GC02484C
42. Bansal R., Soni P. K., & Halve A. K. (2018) Green one-pot synthesis of tetrasubstituted and trisubstitutedimidazoles. J. Heterocycl. Chem., 55(6) 1308-1312. DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3160
43. Sonar J., Pardeshi S., Dokhe S., Pawar R., Kharat K., Zine A., Matsagar B., Wu K., & Thore S. (2019) Lactic-acid-promoted synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles. SN Appl. Sci., 1, 1045. DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0935-0
44. Masteri-Farahani M., Ezabadi A., Mazarei R., Ataeinia P., Shahsavarifar S., & Mousavi F. (2020) Clay-supported heteropolyacid nanocomposite catalyst for green synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles. Appl. Organomet. Chem., 34(8) e5727. DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5727
45. Tan J., Li J. R., & Hu Y. L. (2020) Periodic mesoporous organosilica supported benzotriazolium ionic liquids for reusable synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles. J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 24(10) 777-784. DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2020.08.006
46. Manteghi F., Zakeri F., Guy O. J., & Tehrani Z. (2021) MIL-101(Cr): An efficient heterogeneous catalyst for solvent-free synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles. Nanomaterials. 11 845. DOI: 10.3390/nano11040845
47. Ankush B. P., Shitole B. V., & Shitole N. V. (2021) One-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl-1H-imidazoles using glutamic acid as catalyst. Orbital Electron. J. Chem., 13(3) 232-235.
48. Chinta B., Satyadev T. N. V. S. S., & Adilakshmi G. V. (2023) Zn(OAc)₂·2H₂O-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of diversified imidazoles. Curr. Chem. Lett., 12 175-184. DOI: 10.5267/j.ccl.2022.08.000
49. Koduri R. G., Varala R., Boodida S., Pagadala R., & Damera T. (2024) Ultrasound-assisted SO₄²⁻/SnO₂-catalyzed synthesis of tetraarylimidazoles: A computational study. Russ. J. Gen. Chem., 94 1159-1166. DOI: 10.1134/S1070363224050141
50. Liu C., Ren L., Wang J., Wu P., Liu Y., Shang Y., & Zhang D. (2024) NCS-catalyzed synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl-1H-imidazole and selective Fe³⁺ detection. J. Mol. Struct., 1315 138989. DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.138989
51. Lakshman S., Rao N. S., Kadgamala S., Durgarao B. V., Krishnarao N., & Diwakar B. S. (2024)TiO₂ nanoparticles as reusable catalysts for 2,4,5-trisubstituted-1H-imidazoles. IOP Conf. Ser.: J. Phys., 2765 012026. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2765/1/012026
52. Mohammad F., Azizi N., Mirjafari Z., & Mokhtari J. (2025) Green synthesis of imidazole derivatives in a ternary deep-eutectic solvent system. Sci. Rep., 15 16746. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-01547-5
53. Gawade R., Jadhav P., Shinde S., & Kulkarni P. S. (2022) DBUHI₃-catalyzed synthesis of arylidenepyrazoles. Heterocyclic Lett., 12(4) 767-773.
54. Gawade R., & Kulkarni P. S. (2023) DBUHI₃ complex as an efficient catalyst for 2-phenylbenzimidazole and benzothiazole derivatives. J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 88(10) 959-974. DOI: 10.2298/JSC220526007G