1. Abdulkareem J. H., Abdulkadir A., Abdu N. (2015) A review of different types of lysimeter used in solute transport studies. Int. J. Plant Soil Sci., 8 (3), 1-14.‏ http://sciencedomain.org/review-history/10584 2. Fouad M. R., El-Aswad A. F., Aly M. I. (2025) Tracking movement dynamic of fenitrothion and thiobencarb in rice paddy using a field lysimeters at different levels of soil depth. Curr. Chem. Lett., 14 (3), 633-642.‏ http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2025.2.003 3. Fomsgaard I. S., Spliid N. H. H., Felding G. (2003) Leaching of pesticides through normal‐tillage and low‐tillage soil—a lysimeter study. II. Glyphosate. J. Environ. Sci. Health B, 38 (1), 19-35.‏ https://doi.org/10.1081/PFC-120016603 4. Führ F., Burauel P., Dust M., Mittelstaedt W., Pütz T., Reinken G., Stork A. (1998) Comprehensive tracer studies on the environmental behavior of pesticides: The lysimeter concept.‏ https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-1998-0699.ch001 5. El-Aswad A. F., Fouad M. R., and Aly M. I. (2024) Experimental and modeling study of the fate and behavior of thiobencarb in clay and sandy clay loam soils. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 21 (4) 4405-4418.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05288-8 6. El-Aswad A. F., Mohamed A. E., and Fouad M. R. (2024) Investigation of dissipation kinetics and half-lives of fipronil and thiamethoxam in soil under various conditions using experimental modeling design by Minitab software. Sci. Rep., 14 (1) 5717.‏ https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56083-5 7. Sebaiy M. M., El-Adl S. M., Elbaramawi S. S., Abdel-Raheem Sh. A. A., and Nafie A. (2024) Developing a highly validated and sensitive HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of cefotaxime and paracetamol in pure and pharmaceutical preparations. Curr. Chem. Lett., 13 435-444. http://doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2023.10.002 8. El-Ossaily Y. A., Alanazi N. M. M., Althobaiti I. O., Altaleb H. A., Al-Muailkel N. S., El-Sayed M. Y., Hussein M. F., Ahmed I. M., Alanazi M. M., Fawzy A., Abdel-Raheem Sh. A. A., and Tolba M. S. (2024) Multicomponent Approach to the Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of Some 3,5-Pyrazolididione Derivatives and Evaluation as Anti-inflammatory Agents. Curr. Chem. Lett., 13 (1) 127-140. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2023.8.003 9. Fouad M. R., El-Aswad A. F., Aly M. I. (2024) Uptake and Translocation of Fenitrothion and Thiobencarb in Rice Plant under Laboratory and Filed Conditions. Korean J. Environ. Agric., 43, 188-199.‏ https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2024.43.18 10. Corwin D. L. (2000) Evaluation of a simple lysimeter-design modification to minimize sidewall flow. J. Contam. Hydrol., 42 (1) 35-49.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00088-1 11. Fernando S. U., Galagedara L., Krishnapillai M., Cuss C. W. (2023) Lysimeter sampling system for optimal determination of trace elements in soil solutions. Water, 15 (18), 3277.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183277 12. Matusek I., Reth S., Heerdt C., Hrckova K., Gubis J. (2016) Lysimeter–a Unique Tool for Monitoring the Interactions among the Components of Environment. Proceedings of the National aviation university, (2), 69-75.‏ 13. Shahrajabian M. H., Sun W. (2024) A Review of Lysimeter Studies and Experiments by Considering Agricultural Production. J. Stress Physiol. Biochem., 20 (2), 114-132.‏ 14. FAO. (1982) Lysimeters, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 39: 67. 15. Abdelkhalek A. S., Abdulrahman A., Abokull M. E., Ibrahim S. M., Soltan M. K., Abdul-Malik M. A., and Abdel-Raheem Sh. A. A. (2025) An overview of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine heterocycles: recent synthetic approaches and biological activities. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 102 (7) 101763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2025.101763 16. Campos M. D. S., Coelho E. F., Santos M. R. D., Fernandes R. D. M., Cruz J. L. (2021) Soil water-balance-based approach for estimating percolation with lysimeter and in field with and without mulch under micro irrigation. Rev. Ambiente Água, 16 (5), 2760.‏ https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2760 17. Bergström L. (1990) Use of lysimeters to estimate leaching of pesticides in agricultural soils. Environ. pollut., 67 (4), 325-347.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(90)90070-S 18. Malone R. W., Shipitalo M. J., Wauchope R. D., and Sumner H. (2004) Residual and contact herbicide transport through field lysimeters via preferential flow. J. Environ. Qual., 33 (6), 2141-2148.‏ https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.2141 19. Kolupaeva V., Kokoreva A., Belik A., Bolotov A., Glinushkin A. (2022) Modelling water and pesticide transport in soil with MACRO 5.2: calibration with lysimetric data. Agric., 12 (4), 505.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040505 20. Hussein B. R. M., Moustafa A. H., Abdou A.; Drar A. M., and Abdel-Raheem Sh. A. A. (2024) Preparation, agricultural bioactivity evaluation, structure-activity relationships estimation, and molecular docking of some quinazoline compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 72 (16), 8973–8982. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08840 21. Collenteur R. A., Bakker M., Klammler G., Birk S. (2021) Estimation of groundwater recharge from groundwater levels using nonlinear transfer function noise models and comparison to lysimeter data. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25 (5), 2931-2949.‏ https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2931-2021 22. Francaviglia R., and Capri E. (2000) Lysimeter experiments with metolachlor in Tor Mancina (Italy). Agric. Water Manag., 44 (1-3), 63-74.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(99)00084-0 23. Kördel W., Herrchen M., Klein M., Traub-Eberhard U., Klöppel H., and Klein W. (1992) Determination of the fate of pesticides in outdoor lysimeter experiments. Sci. Total Environ., 123, 421-434.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90165-O 24. Fouad M. R., El-Aswad A. F., Badawy M. E. I., and Aly M. I. (2024) Impact of organic amendments addition to sandy clay loam soil and sandy loam soil on leaching process of chlorantraniliprole insecticide and bispyribac-sodium herbicide. Curr. Chem. Lett., 13 (2), 277-286.‏ http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2023.12.004 25. Fouad M. R., El-Aswad A. F., Aly M. I., and Badawy M. E. I. (2024) Environmental impact of biochar and wheat straw on mobility of dinotefuran and metribuzin into soils. Asian J. Agric., 8 (1), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g080108 26. El-Aswad A. F., Fouad M. R., and Aly M. I. (2023) Assessment of the acute toxicity of agrochemicals on earthworm (Aporrectodea caliginosa) using filter paper contact and soil mixing tests. Asian J. Agric., 7 (1), 14-19.‏ https://smujo.id/aja/article/view/17992/7789 27. Fouad M. R., El-Aswad A. F., and Aly M. I. (2024) Mathematical models of the adsorption-desorption kinetics of fenitrothion in clay soil and sandy clay loam soil. Curr. Chem. Lett., 13 (4) 641-654.‏ http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2024.6.002 28. Abdel-Raheem S. A., Fouad M. R., Gad M. A., El-Dean A. M. K., and Tolba M. S. (2023) Environmentally green synthesis and characterization of some novel bioactive pyrimidines with excellent bioefficacy and safety profile towards soil organisms. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 11 (5), 110839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.110839 29. Alshera`a A. A., Hussein A. M., Kamal El-Dean A. M., Thabet E. A., Abdul-Malik M. A., Gad M. A., Qaid F. M. Q., Abdelkhalek A. S., and Abdel-Raheem Sh. A. A. (2025) Chemical design, preparation, agricultural bioefficacy valuation, and molecular docking of some pyridine containing compounds. Curr. Chem. Lett., 14 (3) 407-416. http://doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2025.5.001 30. Abdelkhalek A. S., Abokull M. E., Ibrahim S. M., Soltan M. K., Abdul-Malik M. A., and Abdel-Raheem Sh. A. A. (2024) A review on some synthetic methods of 4(3H)-quinazolinone and benzotriazepine derivatives and their biological activities. Org. Commun., 17 63−98. http://doi.org/10.25135/acg.oc.167..2402.3123 31. Mostafa A. S., Nassar D. M., Abdul-Malik M. A., Abdel-Halim K. Y., Mohamed A. E., Alsehli B. R., Fouad M. R. (2025) Competitive adsorption/desorption of dimethoate pesticide and phosphorus fertilizer in texturally different soils. Soil Environ., 44 (1), 1-7. 32. Abdo A. A., Ackermann M., Ajello M., Antolini E., Baldini L., Ballet J., and Takahashi T. (2010) Gamma-ray light curves and variability of bright Fermi-detected blazars. Astrophys. J., 722 (1), 520.‏ http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/722/1/520 33. El-Aswad A. F., Aly M. I., Fouad M. R., Badawy M. E. (2019) Adsorption and thermodynamic parameters of chlorantraniliprole and dinotefuran on clay loam soil with difference in particle size and pH. J. Environ. Sci. Healtht B, 54 (6), 475-488.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2019.1595893 34. Gomes H. D. O., Cardoso R. D. S., da Costa J. G. M., da Silva V. P. A., Nobre C. D. A., Teixeira R. N. P., do Nascimento R. F. (2021) Statistical evaluation of analytical curves for quantification of pesticides in bananas. Food chem., 345, 128768.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128768 35. Balsini P., Parastar H. (2019) Development of multi‐response optimization and quadratic calibration curve for determination of ten pesticides in complex sample matrices using QuEChERS dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography. J. Sep. Sci., 42 (23), 3553-3562.‏ https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201900823 36. Ok J., Doan N. H., Watanabe H., Thuyet D., and Boulange J. (2012) Behavior of butachlor and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in paddy water using micro paddy lysimeters under different temperature conditions in spring and summer. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 89 (2), 306-311.‏ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00128-012-0700-1 37. El Bakri Y., Siddique S. A., Mohamed S. K., Sarfraz M., Bakhite E. A., Abuelhassan S., Marae I. S., Abdel-Raheem Sh. A. A., Al-Salahi R., and Mague J. T. (2025) Design, Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Computational Evaluation of a Novel Isoquinoline Derivative as a Promising Anticancer Agent. ChemistrySelect, 10 (28) e02211. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202502211 38. Albers C. N., Jacobsen O. S., Bester K., Jacobsen C. S., and Carvalho P. N. (2020) Leaching of herbicidal residues from gravel surfaces–A lysimeter-based study comparing gravels with agricultural topsoil. Environ. Pollut., 266, 115225.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115225 39. Katagi T. (2013) Soil Column Leaching of Pesticides. In: Whitacre D. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 221. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Continuation of Residue Reviews), vol 221. Springer, New York, NY. 40. Fouad M. R. (2023) Effect of Soil Amendments on Leaching of Thiamethoxam in Alluvial and Calcareous Soil. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 36 (1), 164-172.‏ https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2023.36.1.14 41. Fouad M. R. (2023) Effect of peat, compost, and charcoal on transport of fipronil in clay loam soil and sandy clay loam soil. Curr. Chem. Lett., 12 (2), 281-288.‏ http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2022.12.011 42. Meissner R., Rupp H., Seyfarth M. (2008) Advances in out door lysimeter techniques. Water Air Soil Pollu. Focus, 8, 217-225.‏ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11267-007-9166-2 43. Reth S., Perez-Priego O., Coners H., Nolz R. (2021) Lysimeter. In Springer handbook of atmospheric measurements (pp. 1569-1584). Cham: Springer International Publishing.‏ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-52171-4_58 44. Marek G. W., Evett S. R., Gowda P. H., Howell T. A., Copeland K. S., Baumhardt R. L. (2014) Post-processing techniques for reducing errors in weighing lysimeter evapotranspiration (ET) datasets. Transactions of the ASABE, 57 (2), 499-515.‏ https://elibrary.asabe.org/abstract.asp?aid=44368 45. Fank J. (2011) Lysimeters: a tool for measurements of soil fluxes. In Encyclopedia of Agrophysics (pp. 428-431). Springer, Dordrecht.‏ https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-90-481-3585-1_85 46. Gaber H., Inskeep W., Comfort S., and El-Attar H. (1992) A test of the local equilibrium assumption for adsorption and transport of picloram. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56, 1392-1400. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600050010x 47. Shipitalo M., Edwards W., Owens L., and Dick W. (1990) Initial storm effects on macropore transport of surface-applied chemicals in no-till soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 54, 1530-1536. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400060004x 48. Abdul-Malik M. A., Abdou, A., Fouad M. R., Alkamali A. S. N., Abdel-Raheem S. A. A. (2024) Synthesis, spectral characterization and molecular docking studies of some thiocarbohydrazide-based Schiff bases with pyrazole moiety as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Curr. Chem. Lett., 13 (4), 683-694. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2024.5.002. 49. Gargiulo V., Alfè M., Raganati F., Lisi L., Chirone R., Ammendola P. (2018) BTC-based metal-organic frameworks: Correlation between relevant structural features and CO2 adsorption performances. Fuel, 222, 319-326.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.093 50. Broznić D., Didović M. P., Rimac V., Marinić J. (2021) Sorption and leaching potential of organophosphorus insecticide dimethoate in Croatian agricultural soils. Chemosphere, 273, 128563.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128563 51. Nkedi-Kizza P., Brusseau M. L., Rao P. S. C., and Hornsby A. G. (1989) Nonequilibrium sorption during displacement of hydrophobic organic chemicals and calcium-45 through soil columns with aqueous and mixed solvents. Environ. Sci. Technol., 23 (7), 814-820. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00065a009 52. El-Aswad A. F., Fouad M. R., Badawy M. E. I., and Aly M. I. (2024) Modeling study of adsorption isotherms of chlorantraniliprole and dinotefuran on soil. Curr. Chem. Lett., 12 (3), 503-514. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2024.2.008 53. Shih Y. H., Lee C. P., Tien N. C. (2025) Applying multiple processes nonequilibrium model to investigate cesium transport in crushed granite. Kerntechnik, 90 (2), 139-149.‏ https://doi.org/10.1515/kern-2024-0122 54. Zhao X., Cao Z., Wu C., Xue X. (2025) Comparison of two-region nonequilibrium model and transient storage model for simulating solute transport in karst conduits. Carbonates and Evaporites, 40 (1), 1-14.‏ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13146-024-01024-6 55. Gray R. A., and Weierich A. J. (1986) Leaching of five thiocarbamate herbicides in soils. Weed Sci., 16, 77-79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500030599 56. Katagi T. (2012) Soil column leaching of pesticides. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 221, 1-105.‏ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-4448-0_1 57. Loague K., Green R. E., Giambelluca T. W., Liang T. C., Yost R. S. (1990) Impact of uncertainty in soil, climatic, and chemical information in a pesticide leaching assessment. J. Contam. Hydrol., 5 (2), 171-194.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(90)90004-Z 58. Navarro R., Guzman J., Saucedo I., Revilla J., and Guibal E. (2007) Vanadium recovery from oil fly ash by leaching, precipitation and solvent extraction processes. Waste Manag., 27, 425-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.02.002 59. Abd-Eldaim F. A., Farroh K. Y., Safina F. S., Fouad M. R., Darwish O. S., Emam S. S., and Abdel-Halim K. Y. (2023) Phytotoxic effects of ımidacloprid and its nano-form on the cucumber plants under greenhouse condition and their toxicity on HepG2 cell line. Arch. Phytopathol. Pflanzenschutz., 56 (19), 1467-1486.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2023.2289218 60. Tongesayi T., Tongesayi S. (2015) Contaminated irrigation water and the associated public health risks. In Food, Energy, and Water (pp. 349-381). Elsevier.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800211-7.00013-2 61. Shamsan A. Q. S., Fouad M. R., Yacoob W. A. R. M., Abdul-Malik M. A., Abdel-Raheem, S. A. (2023) Performance of a variety of treatment processes to purify wastewater in the food industry. Curr. Chem. Lett., 12 (2), 431-438.‏ 62. Cox L., Celis R., Hermosin M., Becker A., and Cornejo J. (1997) Porosity and herbicide leaching in soils amended with olive-mill wastewater. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 65, 151-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00063-7 63. Si Y., Zhang J., Wang S., Zhang L., and Zhou D. (2006) Influence of organic amendment on the adsorption and leaching of ethametsulfuron-methyl in acidic soils in China. Geoderma, 130, 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.01.009 64. Sebaiy M. M., El-Adl S. M., Nafea A., Mattar A. A., Abdul-Malik M. A., Abdel-Raheem Sh. A. A., and Elbaramawi S. S. (2024) Review: Instrumental Analytical techniques for Evaluating some Anti-infective Drugs in Pharmaceutical Products and Biological Fluids. Curr. Chem. Lett., 13, 491-502. http://doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2024.2.009 65. Ibrahim S. M., Abdelkhalek A. S., Abdel-Raheem Sh. A. A., Freah N. E., El Hady N. H., Aidia N. K., Tawfeq N. A., Gomaa N. I., Fouad N. M., Salem H. A., Ibrahim H. M., and Sebaiy M. M. (2024) An overview on 2-indolinone derivatives as anticancer agents. Curr. Chem. Lett., 13 (1), 241-254. http://doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2023.6.005 66. Tatarková V., Hiller E., and Vaculík M. (2013) Impact of wheat straw biochar addition to soil on the sorption, leaching, dissipation of the herbicide (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid and the growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 92, 215-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.005