The development of Indonesia’s aircraft component supporting industry requires a systematic understanding of the factors that drive and inhibit industrial capability enhancement. This study identifies and analyzes 22 critical success factors (CSFs) using the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory method to uncover their causal structure and relative influence. Expert evaluations were obtained from government policymakers and practitioners within the aircraft component supporting industry, and these inputs were used to develop the direct-relation, normalized, and total influence matrices, enabling a comprehensive cause-effect analysis. The results reveal a clear hierarchical structure in which several factors, particularly research and technology, market conditions, performance capability, technological infrastructure and availability, safety, technological reliability, and management support, emerge as primary causal drivers within the ecosystem. These elements exert significant influence on downstream factors, such as industry-government coordination, customer support, measurable demand, team composition, team competency, and contractual aspects. The findings emphasize that strengthening technological infrastructure, regulatory facilitation, and internal managerial capability is essential for improving supplier readiness and integrating domestic firms into global aerospace value chains. This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating the applicability of DEMATEL in structuring industrial development priorities within emerging aerospace economies. Practically, the results offer policymakers and industry leaders a strategic foundation for directing investments, designing capability-building initiatives, and formulating long-term industrial development strategies.