This study aims to investigate the strategies employed by halal food manufacturers in Malaysia to mitigate operational supply risks. This study selected a sample of 369 respondents using a simple random sampling method to participate in the main survey. The collected dataset was analysed using covariance-based software (AMOS-SEM)) to test the study hypotheses. The findings of this research highlight that halal food manufacturers in Malaysia proactively adopt measures to manage operational supply risks from suppliers. Notably, they utilize behaviour-based and buffer-based strategies to effectively minimize the impact of these risks. This study focused on supply-related risks. To secure the integrity of halal, the firms must address demand-related risks and governmental and organizational risks to ensure the halalness of halal products. Therefore, it is crucial to consider risk management for all parts of the supply chain to guarantee the halal compliance of food products. The study highlights halal firms' need for behaviour-based and buffer-based risk management strategies to mitigate price, quality, and delivery risks while ensuring brand reputation and consumer trust through collaboration, information sharing, and supplier performance evaluation. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the operational supply risks faced by halal food manufacturers, offering insights into the unique challenges and vulnerabilities within the halal food supply chain. By specifically focusing on Malaysia, this research contributes to the limited existing literature in this specific context, further enriching our knowledge in this field.

There is a need in the community which is realized by volunteering the community to pay some costs to get the quality education offered, also supported by government regulations that encourage the existence of international schools in each region, as well as the influence of globalization. The existence of these international standard schools using Cambridge or International Baccalaureate curriculum has brought big changes in managing schools as an educational institution. Education management is a necessity for schools today to be able to manage schools that focus on customer desires and satisfaction, without overriding the main values in education. Therefore, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is employed to spot the arena of this study; Customer Expectation and Customer Perceived Quality mediated by Customer Perceived Value will affect customer satisfaction. The model is expected to provide the model for education institutions how to manage customer satisfaction in-line with delivering quality education.