A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is a highly destructive form of organized cyber-attack that targets network computers or online services. Despite the availability of numerous systems for detecting DDoS attacks, the problem remains. This paper proposes the use of mathematical methods that can detect HTTP flooding DDoS attacks effectively. This paper developed an effective mathematical approach using a Reynold number approach for detecting harmful HTTP flooding DDoS packets in incoming traffic flows before they reach the web server. The traffic will be categorized into aggregated packets based on time, and each aggregated packet will be broken down into equally smaller periods known as events, which will then be divided into groups based on (equal packet size with the same inter-arrival time). Because the aggregated packets contain multiple events, this mechanism will determine the value of the Reynold number for each event. If the computed value shows a high Reynold number in the specified group under examination, it will be classified as an HTTP flooding DDoS attack; otherwise, it will be considered normal. In experiments using the ISCX dataset, the proposed mechanism achieves a high accuracy rate of 97.14%.

Smart home technologies have revolutionized modern living by enhancing convenience, efficiency, and security. In contrast, many interconnected devices introduce significant security and privacy challenges. This comprehensive review investigates the integration of blockchain technology as a robust solution for secure access control in smart home environments. The decentralized and tamper-resistant nature of blockchain technology effectively solves important problems, including device authentication, data integrity, and access management, through the use of cryptography and distributed ledgers. The study synthesizes findings from 52 research papers, categorizing them into three thematic areas: blockchain in access control systems, its applications in IoT, and specific implementations for smart homes. It highlights the transformative potential of blockchain in mitigating vulnerabilities inherent in centralized systems, fostering trust, and enhancing security frameworks. Despite its promising applications, challenges such as scalability, interoperability, and energy consumption persist, warranting further research. This paper stresses the necessity of collaboration to tackle these limitations and enhance blockchain-based access control solutions for smart homes, setting the stage for more secure and user-focused smart environments.